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The purpose of this document is to provide
a common presentation style that all Issue Groups may adopt as standards
for their written submission. These are guidelines and suggestions – not
requirements. Adapted from: Degelman,
D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved 3/4/06,
from Vanguard University, Department of Psychology Web site:
http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/
ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796
I. General Document Guidelines
A. Margins: One inch on
all sides (top, bottom, left, right)
B. Font Size and Typeface: 12-pt.
font; Times Roman or a similar typeface for body.
C. Spacing: Double-space throughout
the main body of the paper and for the Table of Contents (if included),
excluding for extended quotations (see below), references, appendixes,
endnotes or footnotes, tables, and figure captions which should be single-spaced.
D. Alignment: Flush left (creating
uneven right margin)
E. Pagination: Uniform placement
on the upper right or lower right corner of each page, beginning with the
first page of the body of the report.
F. Active voice: As a general rule,
use the active voice rather than the passive voice. For example, use "We
predicted that ..." rather than "It was predicted that ..."
G. Order of Pages: Title Page,
Table of Content (if the body is organized as such),Body, References, Appendixes,
Endnotes (if any), Tables, Figures
II. Title Page
A. Pagination: The Title
Page and Table of Contents (if any) are not numbered.
B. Paper Title: Uppercase and lowercase
letters, somewhere prominently on the page.
C. Authors: Uppercase and lowercase
letters, listed alphabetically
D. Affiliation: Uppercase and lowercase
letters, as follows: Political Science 101, Section X, term, year.
E. Graphics: As long as this basic
information in on the title page, its composition is otherwise up to you.
III. Body
A. Pagination: The body
of the paper begins on a new page and is numbered page 1. Subsections of
the body of the paper do not begin on new pages.
B. Title: The title of the paper
(in uppercase and lowercase letters) is repeated on page 1, centered on
the first line.
C. Introduction: The introduction
(which is not labeled) begins on the second line following the paper title
on page 1.
D. Headings and Subheadings: Headings
and subheadings are used to organize the document and reflect the relative
importance of sections. They help guide the reader, as well as avoid you
repeating information unnecessarily.
1. Main headings: centered
uppercase and lowercase letters on a separate line.
2. Subheadings: when the paper
has two levels of headings, subheadings are italicized, placed flush left,
uppercase and lowercase letters. The body of the subsection begins on the
next line.
IV. Text citations:
Source material must be documented in
the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources.
The underlying principle is that ideas and words of others must be formally
acknowledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list
of references that follows the body of the paper.
A. When the names of the authors
of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year
of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the
authors, for example: “Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there
was a reduction…”
B. When the authors of a source are not
part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years
of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons, for example:
“Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least…
(Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool,
1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne,
Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).” Note: “&” is used when multiple
authors are identified in parenthetical material.]
C. Every effort should be made to cite
only sources that you have actually read. When it is necessary to cite
a source that you have not read ("Grayson" in the following example) that
is cited in a source that you have read ("Murzynski & Degelman" in
the following example), use the following format for the text citation
and list only the source you have read in the References list: “Grayson
(as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components
of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.”
V. Quotations:
When a direct quotation is used, always
include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation.
A. A quotation of fewer than 40
words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and should be incorporated
into the formal structure of the sentence. Example: “Patients receiving
prayer had ‘less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic and antibiotic
therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests, and
were less frequently intubated and ventilated’ (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).”
B. Extended Quotations: A lengthier
quotation of 40 or more words should appear single-spaced (without quotation
marks) apart from the surrounding text, in block format, with each line
indented five spaces from the left margin.
VI. References:
All sources included in the References
section must be cited in the body of the paper (and all sources cited in
the paper must be included in the References section).
A. Pagination: The References
section begins on a new page.
B. Heading: “References” (centered
on the first line)
C. Format: The references (with
hanging indent) begin on the line following the References heading. Entries
are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors. Most reference
entries have three components:
1. Authors: Authors are
listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames and
initials. Commas separate all authors. If no author is identified, the
title of the document begins the reference.
2. Year of Publication: In parentheses
following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis. If
no publication date is identified, use "n.d." in parentheses following
the authors.
3. Source Reference: Includes title,
journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city of publication,
publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books and titles of periodicals.
D. Examples of formats for sources on References
Pages:
1. Journal article:
Authors (year). Article title. Journal, volume number, pages.
Example: Murzynski,
J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of
vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social Psychology,
26, 1617-1626.
2. Book:
Authors (year). Title, City: Publisher.
Example: Paloutzian, R. F. (1996).
Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn
and Bacon.
3. Web document on university program
or department Web site: Authors (year). Title. Date retrieved from source:
URL.
Example: Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA
style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department
of Psychology Web site: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796
4. Stand-alone Web document (no date):
Authors (n.d.). Title. Date retrieved, URL.
Example: Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved
August 3, 2001, from http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm
5. Stand-alone Web document (no author,
no date): Title (n.d.). Date retrieved and URL.
Example: Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, from
http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html
6. Journal article from database:
Authors (year). Title, volume, pages. Date retrieved, database source.
Example: Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal
aggression link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved
May 20, 2000, from ProQuest database.
7. Abstract from secondary database:
Authors (year). Title, volume, pages. Date retrieved and database source.
Example: Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on
restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172.
Abstract retrieved July 23, 2001, from PsycINFO database.
8. Journal article, Internet-only journal:
Authors (Year, Month etc.). Title, volume (number). Date retrieved, URL.
Example: Bergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend play in children's cognitive
development. Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1). Retrieved February
1, 2004, from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html.
9. Article or chapter in an edited
book: Authors (year). Title, Editors, Book Title (pages of article/chapter).
City: Publisher
Example: Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F.
Schumaker (Ed.), Religion and mental health (pp. 70-84). New York: Oxford
University Press.
VII. Appendixes:
A common use of appendixes is to present
auxiliary materials, such as the opinion articles for Section Two, Part
One.
A. Pagination: Each Appendix
begins on a separate page.
B. Heading: If there is only one
appendix, the title “Appendix” is centered on the first line of the page.
If there is more than one appendix, use Appendix A (or B or C, etc.). Double-space
and type the appendix title (centered in uppercase and lowercase letters).
VIII. Endnotes and Footnotes:
Narrative footnotes, which add content
to your paper, are occasionally used to support substantive claims or information
in the text. The narrative is placed at the bottom of the page on which
the footnote appears in the main body of the paper. Most word processing
programs can do this automatically.
Otherwise, you may use ENDNOTES: Endnotes
are the same thing but are placed in a separate section at the end of the
main body of the paper.
A. Pagination for Endnotes:
Endnotes begin on a separate page.
B. Heading: “Endnotes” is centered
on the first line.
C. Format: Indent the first line
of each footnote, and number the endnotes (slightly above the line) as
they are identified in the text.
IX. Tables:
A common use of tables is to present quantitative
data or the results of statistical analyses. Tables must be referred to
in the text.
A. Pagination: Each Table
begins on a separate page.
B. Heading:
Table 1 (or 2 or 3, etc.) is typed flush left on the first line below the
manuscript page header. Single-space and type the table title flush left
(italicized in uppercase and lowercase letters).
X. Figure Captions and Figures:
A common use of Figures is to present
graphs, photographs, or other illustrations (other than tables).
A. Pagination: Figures
do NOT have page numbers.
B. Figure Captions: Figure Captions
are centered on the first line of the page, flush left. They are identified
as Figure 1. (or 2 or 3, etc.), followed by the caption for the figure,
capitalizing only the first letter of the first word of the caption and
any proper nouns.
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