Overview: References

Department of Natural Resources.  1995.  Wisconsin’s biodiversity as a management issue: A report to Department of Natural Resources managers.  Madison, WI: Author.

Botkin, D. B., and Keller, E. A. 2000. Environmental science: Earth as a living planet, 3^rd Edition.  New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Overview: Credits

Photograph of p. loosestrife by John M. Schoenecker, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Note: permission is granted for use for educational purposes only http://wiscinfo.doit.wisc.edu/herbarium/photographers.html)

Photograph of zebra mussels from http://nas.er.usgs.gov/zebra.mussel/

Map of Purple Loosestrife Infestation in Wisconsin (Wisconsin State Herbarium)

Global: References

Introduction
Lovelock, J. E. 1979. Gaia: A new look at life on earth.  Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 121.

Wilson, E. O. 1989.  Threats to biodiversity. Scientific American, 261(3): 108-116.

The Continental Shelf --Dead Zone
Cobb, Kathy. 1997. “Twin Ports Shipping Up From Last Season After a Slow Start.” Fedgazette. October. http://woodrow.mpls.frb.fed.us/pubs/fedgaz/97-10/mn.html.  (01/17/02). This article reports about shipping activity out of the Duluth/Superior port.

Hinrichsen, Don. 1998. Coastal Waters of the World: Trends, Threats, and Strategies. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
This excellent book outlines many threats to coastal waters all around the world and the management practices that have been employed to contain them. The book is written in nonscientific language, so it is a useful resource to anyone concerned about out coastal regions.

Jacquez, Albert S. 2001. “U.S. Grain Workshop”. Minneapolis: Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. http://www.seaway.dot.gov/Presentations/Pres062001.pdf.  (01/17/02).
This site describes the types of commodities shipped from ports in the Saint Lawrence Seaway and their destinations. For example, if you are wondering where those soybeans growing across from the Onalaska Menards end up, you can see that they have a good chance of going to Europe or the Midde East.

King, Stephen. 1994. The Dead Zone. New York: Signet. King’s book is not about the big hypoxic area in the Gulf of Mexico, but it was a popular paperback that was turned into a not-so popular movie.

Meade, Robert H. 1995. “Contaminants in the Mississippi River 1987-92”. USGS Survey Circular 1133. http://water.usgs.gov/pubs/circ/circ1133/.  (01/17/02).
The amount of information on this site is overwhelming. The report is informative enough, but all of the graphics make it difficult to deny that agricultural runoff and sewage are flowing down the Mississippi.

Natural Resources Conservation Service, WI. 2001. “Filter Strip.” USDA http://www.wi.nrcs.usda.gov/fotg/section4/393.pdf.
(01/17/02).
Here you can find out the benefits of establishing wetland buffer zones that can filter out agricultural runoff.

Simpson, Sarah. 2002. “Shrinking the Dead Zone: Political Uncertainty Could Stall a Plan to Rein in the Deadly Waters in the Gulf of Mexico.” Scientific American. http://www.sciam.com/2001/0701issue/0701scicit1.html. ( 01/17/02).
This article in Scientific American (the magazine connected to the really cool TV program Alan Alda hosts) explains the political gains scientists have made to get government to pay attention to the Dead Zone. However, it suggests that recent political changes have stalled out any progress previously made.

United States Department of Agriculture. 2001. “US Ag Trade Photos”. http://www.fas.usda.gov/info/factsheets/tpa/photos.html.  (01/17/02).

Wagner, Holly. 1998. “Potential Solutions for Gulf of Mexico’s ‘Dead Zone’ Explored.” The Ohio State University: Research http://www.osu.edu/units/research/archive/hypoxia.htm.  (01/17/02).

Other Dead Zone Links
The Dead Zone is Growing toward Texas: http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/text/134323511_gulfzone29.html

American Rivers : http://www.amrivers.org/mississippiriver/deadzone.htm

MN DNR http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/information_and_education/publications/volunteer/articles/hypoxia.html
 

Other Costal Water Links
World’s Coral Reefs Dying: http://ens.lycos.com/ens/dec98/1998L-12-03-03.htmlhttp://ens.lycos.com/ens/dec98/1998L-12-03-03.html 
This is a report on a conference held in 1998. The report describes the state of coral reefs around the world and the efforts taken to protect them. It also identifies the main culprits responsible for the death of many coral reefs, especially those in Southeast Asia.

Coastal Wetlands http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/climate/fs89_97.pdf
The National Wetland Research Center, a division of the United States Geological Survey, has prepared a report on the state of coastal wetlands being monitored in the U.S. Based upon predictive models of rising sea levels, coastal wetlands are likely to decrease, eliminating important habitat for many species of plants and animals. The map at the bottom of the report is an eye-opener.

Other Related Biodiversity Links
Map of the World’s Endangered Birds: http://www.sciam.com/0997issue/0997scicit5.html
Scientific American presents this useful map that illustrates where birds are at their highest risk. The site also discusses causes and consequences of bird extinction around the world.
 

Global: Credits

Photograph of Rainforest Maps: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/rainforest/Where.shtml

Photograph of Continental Shelf: Found at Bartelby.com's online version of The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Copyright © 2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. http://www.bartleby.com/61/imagepages/A4cntshf.html

Local: References

Purple Loosestrife:
Discover Article: http://www.findarticles.com/cf_dls/m1511/8_20/55248818/p1/article.jhtml This is an alternative perspective on the plant. “It’s not bad or good, it just is.”  It thrives on disturbance, and native insects do not help contain it.

Prof. Bernd Blossey’s information about Purple Loosestrife: http://www.invasiveplants.net/ Prof. Blossey provides general information about the invasive plant, a map of invaded areas in the U.S., and a description of the insects that have been introduced to help control it.

Minnesota Sea Grant’s helpful tips on how to get rid of Purple Loosestrife: http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/exotics/purple.html   Here’s practical advice on how to get rid of the plant on your own land.

The Sociology of Purple Loosestrife: http://www.sociology.org/content/vol003.001/sandlos.html The author of this intriguing article discusses how purple loosestrife has been socially constructed as an environmental problem.

Reznicek, A.A. 1990. “Invasive Introduced Plant Species in the Great Lakes.” in Ecology and Management of the Zebra Mussel and other Introduced Aquatic Nuisance Species. Edited by J. David Yount. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency.

Zebra Mussels:

DNR information on Zebra Mussels: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/wm/glwsp/exotics/zebra.html
The Wisconsin DNR offers basic information about zebra mussels in Wisconsin.

More DNR information.
http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/er/invasive/factsheets/zebramussel.htm

Zebra mussel infestation in Wisconsin: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/water/wm/glwsp/exotics/zminfestations.html
The DNR provides extensive information about the progression of zebra mussel infestation in Wisconsin.

Divers discover zebra mussel die-off By RUTH NISSEN / Wisconsin DNR http://www.lacrossetribune.com/rednews/2001/10/22/build/environment/env2dnr.php
An article in the La Crosse Tribune reporting on a recent discovery of dead zebra mussels near Genoa, WI.

Drawdown to benefit native plants
http://www.lacrossetribune.com/rednews/2001/06/18/build/environment/environ.php

This La Crosse Tribune (June 18, 2001) article explains the motive behind the drawdown of Pool 8 last summer. This event was directly related to biodiversity issues. Native plants and animals negatively affected by damming the river were expected to benefit from the drawdown. Some native mussels had to be protected while the drawdown occurred.

Yount, J. David 1990. Ecology and Management of the Zebra Mussel and other Introduced Aquatic Nuisance Species. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Protection Agency.
A report based upon presentations and discussions at an EPA workshop on zebra mussels and other invasive species. Yount presents a number of hypotheses predicting the effects of zebra mussels on other species. Not all predictions are negative.
 

Other Related Links

America’s Least Wanted:
http://www.natureserve.org/publications/leastwanted/index.htm Here’s a list and information about other animal and plant species that threaten biodiversity.

United States Department of Agriculture. 2000 Not All Alien Invaders are from Outer Space. Washington, D.C.: USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. This is a booklet of illustrations and basic information about other non-native species of insects, plants, and animals.