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Biology (BIO)
 
College of Science and Allied Health
Department Chair: Mark Sandheinrich
3004 Cowley Hall, (608)785-8238
e-mail: sandhein.mark@uwlax.edu 
 www.uwlax.edu/biology  

Professors: Brice, Cooper, Gillis, Haro, Maher, Mowbray, Sandheinrich, Sutherland, Tyser, Volk; Associate Professors: Abler, M., Galbraith, Gerber, Howard, Miskowski, Saros, Seebach; Assistant Professors: Rossinni, Thomsen; Lecturers: Hoar, K., Nontelle. 

Biology Major (All colleges, excluding Teacher Certification programs) — 39 credits, including BIO 103 or 105, 204, 210, 306, 307, 315, 491, and remaining electives from the following courses: *BIO 302, 303, 312, 313, 321, 337, 341, 404, 406, 408, 412, 413, 414, 419, 422, 424, 428, 429, 432, 433, 435, 436, 437, 439, 440, 442, 443, 447, 448, 449, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 492; MIC 230, 350, 406, 420, 421, 426, 427, 428, 434. A maximum of two non-lab courses may be applied toward the biology major elective requirements, excluding BIO 499. Up to two credits ofBIO 499 may be used as electives. Three semesters of chemistry, including organic CHM 300 (or 303, 304 and 305) and MTH 145 or 250 are required. 

Biology Major: Aquatic Science Concentration (All colleges, excluding Teacher Certification programs) — 39 credits, including BIO 103 or 105, 204, 210, 306, 307, 315, 341, 491; MIC 230. Remaining credits from the following electives: BIO 405, 414, 419, 422, 447, 448, 463, 464; MIC 434. Up to two credits of BIO 499 may count toward the major. A minimum of 20 chemistry credits is required, including CHM 103, 104, 301, 300 (or 303, 304 and 305). A minimum of 8 credits of mathematics including MTH 145 or 250 and 175 or 207 is also required. C-S 101 (or equivalent skills) is required. 

Biology Major: Biomedical Science Concentration (All colleges, excluding Teacher Certification programs) — 39 credits, including BIO 103 or 105, 203 or 204 and 210, 306, 307, 312, 313, 315, 491, 408 or 424 or 465. Remaining credits from the following electives: BIO 406, 408, 413, 424, 428, 432, 433, 435, 436, 440, 443, 449, 463, 465, 466, 467; MIC 230, 406, 407, 420, 421. Up to two elective credits from a combination of BIO 450, 479, 489 and 499 of which only BIO 499 can be taken for two credits. A minimum of 24 chemistry credits is required including CHM 103, 104, 300 (or 303, 304 and 305), 301, and 325 or (417 and 418). MTH 145 or 250 and C-S 101 (or equivalent skills) also are required.  

Biology Major: Cellular and Molecular Biology Concentration (All colleges, excluding Teacher Certification programs) — 39 credits, including BIO 103 or 105, 203 or 204 and 210, 306, 307, 315, 435, 436, 491; MIC 230. Remaining credits from the following electives: *BIO 303, 312, 313, 337, 406, 408, 412, 424, 428, 432, 433, 440, 443, 463, and 466; MIC 406, 420, 421, and 427. Up to two credits from BIO 450, 489, and 499 may count toward the major. A minimum of 24 chemistry credits is required including: CHM 103, 104, 301, 300 or (303, 304 and 305), 325 or (417 and 418). A minimum of four credits of mathematics is also required, including MTH 145 or 175 or 250 or 207. C-S 101(or equivalent skills) is also required. 

Biology Major: Environmental Science Concentration (All colleges, excluding Teacher Certification programs) — 39 credits, including BIO 103 or 105, 204, 210, 306, 307, 315, 419, 491. Remaining credits from the following electives: BIO 321, 337, 341, 404, 405, 412, 414, 422, 429, 440, 447, 448, 463, 464; MIC 230, 350, 434. Up to two credits of BIO 499 may count toward the major. Three semesters of chemistry, including CHM 103, 104, 300 (or 303, 304 and 305) and eight credits of mathematics (MTH 175 or 207, 145 or 250) are required. A minimum of five-six credits of environmental science support courses is also required which includes CHM 301, or GEO/ESC 250 and 481, or C-S 120 and MTH 305.  

Biology Major (Teacher Certification programs) — 36 credits including BIO 103 or 105, 204, 210, 306, 307, 315, 491; MIC 230. Remaining electives from the following courses: *BIO 302, 303, 312, 313, 321, 337, 341, 404, 406, 408, 412, 413, 414, 419, 422, 424, 428, 429, 432, 433, 435, 436, 437, 439, 440, 442, 443, 447, 448, 449, 463, 464, 465, 466, 467, 490; MIC 230, 350, 406, 420, 426, 427, 428, and 434. Up to two credits of BIO 499 may count toward the major. A maximum of two non-lab courses may be applied toward the biology major elective requirement, excluding BIO 490 and 499. In addition to this sequence, GEO 200 is a statutory requirement; C-I 381, an administrative code requirement; and three semesters of chemistry, including organic CHM 300 (or 303, 304 and 305), and MTH 145 or 250 are required. BIO 429 — Evolution — is strongly recommended.

Note: Each student must have a minimum of three 400-level BIO credits (excluding BIO 450, 479, 489, 491, 492, and 499) to fulfill requirements of the major. BIO 492 may be taken in lieu of BIO 491 by Biology Honors Program students. 

·     A maximum of eight credits from BIO 303, 312, 313 can be applied to the major. 

Biology Minor (All colleges, excluding Teacher Certification programs) — 24 credits, including BIO 103 or 105, 204, 210, and electives* in biology or microbiology, including at least one course numbered 302 or above. (BIO 102, 106, and MIC 100, 407, 416, 425 are not applicable as electives.) A maximum of two non-lab courses can be applied toward the biology minor elective requirement, excluding BIO 499. 

Biology Minor  (Teacher certification programs) — 22 credits including BIO 103 or 105, 204, 210; MIC 230 or BIO 315, 306, 307. (BIO 102, 106, and MIC 100, 407, 416, 425 are not applicable as electives.) A maximum of two non-lab courses can be applied toward the biology minor elective requirement, excluding BIO 490 and 499. In addition to the above sequence, GEO 200 and C-I 381 are required. 

Broadfield Science Major (Teacher Certification Programs). See description of this broadfield major on p. 108. 

Dual Degree Program in Physical Therapy    This is a special dual degree program which enables a student to receive both a Bachelor of Science degree (biology major) and a graduate level degree (Physical Therapy) from UW-La Crosse. It requires at least three years of attendance at the undergraduate level and two or more years of attendance in the graduate program in physical therapy. During the first three years, students will complete General Education and college core requirements, physical therapy prerequisite course work, and many of the requirements for the biology major. Students admitted to the graduate program will complete physical therapy courses that will apply to the biology major.

    Biology majors who have completed the required prerequisite course work with a minimum 3.0 grade point average will be guaranteed a personal interview for the physical therapy program. Admission is competitive, so a personal interview does not guarantee acceptance into the graduate program.  

Dual Degree Program in Chiropractic     Students spend three years (94 credits) at UW-La Crosse completing General Education requirements, Palmer College Core Requirements, and many of the requirements for a B.S. degree in biology (biomedical science concentration), with a 3.0 cumulative GPA. These students then are admitted to Palmer College for three years of study, leading to the Doctor of Chiropractic degree. Upon completion of this degree, Palmer credits transfer back to UW-La Crosse as 36.3 semester credits to satisfy all requirements for a B.S. degree in biology: biomedical science. In six years, successful students earn both a Bachelor of Science degree from UW-La Crosse and a Doctor of Chiropractic degree. For complete degree requirements, see the pre-chiropractic adviser. 

Honors Program in Biology
I.  Admission
    A. Junior Standing
    B. 15 credits in biology, including one 300-level course
    C. 3.25 grade point average in biology courses and a 3.00 cumulative grade point average
    D. Recommendation by two faculty members in student’s major department

II. Program
A. Completion of a regular major program in biology 
B. BIO 492: Honors Seminar, 1 credit
C. BIO 499: Independent Research, 2 credits

III.Evaluation
A.  A cumulative 3.50 grade point average in the major at time of graduation and a 3.00 cumulative grade point average
B. Distinguished performance on a project developed in BIO 499
C. Presentation of the project developed in BIO 499 to a colloquium of faculty and students in the major department

IV. Methods of Implementation
A. Admission
      1. Announcement of program sophomore-level biology classes
      2. Application form 
        a. academic record
          b. reasons for wishing to  participate
          c. signatures of two faculty members in the major
B. Program
     1. BIO 492: Honors Seminar will be offered one semester each year unless the number of students involved requires more than one section
     2. BIO 499: Independent Research will be offered each semester

V. Recognition
     A. Honors certificate 

Pigeon Lake Field Station in Northern Wisconsin 
The University of Wisconsin System sponsors summer programs at Pigeon Lake Field Station near Drummond, Wis. Appropriate course work successfully completed at Pigeon Lake is credited as resident study by the university.

Pigeon Lake Field Station is a natural laboratory in the heart of the Chequamegon National Forest. Sixteen rustic cabins (each accommodating eight students), a dining hall, recreation hall, and three classroom/laboratory buildings are situated near the lake’s 1,400-foot shoreline. Excellent facilities are available for boating, swimming, and fishing.

The station is used principally for programs in field biology, the natural sciences, outdoor recreation, outdoor education, and art. Courses vary in length from one to three weeks. Graduate and undergraduate courses are publicized in the early spring. For further details, contact the biology department.  

The biology department incorporates a significant amount of writing through the required courses instead of identifying particular courses as writing emphasis courses. Students who complete the biology major, including any of the concentrations, will fulfill the university writing emphasis requirement. 

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BIO      102  Cr. 3
Contemporary Issues in Biological Sciences
An intra-disciplinary approach to investigating current issues within the biological sciences. Specific topics under the general categories of health, medicine, environment, genetics, and industrial technology will be identified, described and characterized. The science underlying the issue will be explored and the potential impact (past and future) of applied scientific advances within the respective disciplines will be examined in depth. Not applicable to a major or minor in biology. Offered Sem. II. 

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BIO      103  Cr. 4
Introductory Biology
A survey of modern biology. Subjects discussed include ecology, cell biology and genetics. Themes developed through the course are the use of the scientific method and the relationships between society, technology and science. This course is designed as a general education course for non-science or non-allied health majors. Lect. 3, Lab 2.Students cannot earn credit in both BIO 103 and 105.  

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BIO      105  Cr. 4
General Biology
An introduction to biology including topics in ecology, population biology, nutrient cycling, food webs, cell structure and function, metabolism, photosynthesis, reproduction, genetics, molecular biology and evolution. This course provides a strong foundation for further science courses, and is designed for science majors, allied health majors and students with an interest in science. Lect. 3, Lab. 2. Students cannot earn credit in both BIO 103 and 105. 

BIO      106  Cr. 3
Nature Study
A study of the common plants and animals of the area. Lect. 2, Lab. 2. Not applicable to a major or minor in biology. Offered occasionally. 

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BIO/PSY 107 Cr. 3
Brain Basics: Linking Society and Neuroscience
Students will be introduced to the field of neuroscience, including an examination of the cells that make the brain operate, how they operate together to form structures and systems, and how the operation of these systems relates to human behavior. The range of behaviors to be examined will include everyday learning and memory, sleeping and dreaming, as well as an exploration of the brain when abnormal behaviors occur. We will also investigate the impact that advances in the neurosciences have had on society in general. (Cross-listed with PSY; may only earn credit in BIO or PSY.) Not applicable to biology major or minor. Offered Sem. II. 

BIO      203  Cr. 4
Organismal Biology
A survey of the diverse form and function of prokaryotes, protistans, fungi, plants and animals. Basic ecology, natural history, evolution, biogeography and importance of organisms to humans will be emphasized. Lect. 3, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105 and CHM 103 or concurrent enrollment. Not applicable toward general biology major, aquatic science or environmental science concentrations. Not for biology credit if BIO 204 or BIO 210 taken. Offered Sem II. 

BIO      204  Cr. 3
Plant Biology
An investigation of the general morphology and life patterns of plants, fungi, algae and bacteria — with emphasis on plants — and inquiry into their economic importance, ecology, evolution, growth and development. The importance of photosynthetic organisms will be a general theme throughout the course. Lect. 2, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105.  

BIO      210  Cr. 3
Animal Biology
A phylogenetic survey of the animal kingdom beginning with single-celled organisms and ending with vertebrates. Innovation of form and function of each major taxonomic group will be discussed along with their ecology, natural history, distribution and relationship to humans. Lect. 2, Lab 2. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105.  

BIO      260 Cr. 1-3
Special Topics in Biology
Topics in biology of interest to selected groups. Topics will be offered with a specific title. May be staffed by resident faculty or visiting lecturers. Other departments may be invited to participate. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105. Repeatable for credit – maximum 6. 

BIO      302  Cr. 2
Introductory Plant Identification
Introduction to the identification of trees, shrubs, and other herbacious plants of both local native and cultivated species. Field trips required. Lect. 1, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204. Offered Sem. I, odd years. 

BIO      303  Cr. 4
Vertebrate Form and Function
Anatomy and physiology of the vertebrates with the rat as the basic study animal. Lect. 2, Lab. 4. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105. 

BIO      306  Cr. 4
Genetics
A comprehensive study of the basic principles of heredity, including Mendelian and Molecular Genetics. Lect. 3, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105 and a second biology course applicable to the major.  

BIO      307  Cr. 3
Ecology
A study of interactions that determine the distribution and abundance of living organisms.  The basic principles of ecology are presented in order to develop an understanding of the nature of these interactions at the individual, population and community levels of biological organization.  Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204 and 210.  

BIO      312  Cr. 4
Human Anatomy and Physiology I
A comprehensive study of general physiological principles, membrane physiology, body fluid compartments, the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems and the special senses. Lect. 3, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105 and CHM 103.  

BIO      313  Cr. 4
Human Anatomy and Physiology II
A comprehensive study of the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, fluid/electrolyte balance, reproduction and the endocrine system. Lect. 3,  Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 312.  

BIO      315  Cr. 4
Cell Biology
A comprehensive overview of cell structure and function, including the nature of biomolecules, cellular metabolism and its regulation, the dynamics of membranes and the cytoskeleton, the execution and control of the cell cycle, cell interactions, and cell signaling. Lect. 3, Lab. 3. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105, one additional semester of biology, MTH 145 or 250, and a minimum of three semesters of chemistry through organic chemistry.  

BIO      321  Cr. 3
Ornithology
Field identification and ecology of birds with emphasis on Wisconsin forms. Lect. 2, Lab. 3. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 210 or 303. Offered occasionally. 

BIO      337  Cr. 3
Plant Physiology
An introduction to plant water relations, mineral nutrition, respiration, photosynthesis, growth, and development with emphasis on the physiology of seed plants. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204. Offered Sem. II, even years. 

BIO      341  Cr. 3
Limnology
This course includes fundamentals of aquatic ecology, with special reference to community ecology. Taxonomy, stratification and succession of organisms to be investigated. Energy traffic through aquatic ecosystems will also be investigated. Field trips required. Lect. 2, Lab. 3. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105, one additional biology course, and one semester of chemistry. Offered Sem. I. 

BIO      390  Cr. 2
Latin and Greek Roots in Scientific Terminology
Most scientific terminology comes to us as derived from Latin and Greek words. This course provides a solid background in scientific vocabulary by learning root words, prefixes and suffixes, as well as combinations of two or more root words and prefixes. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105. Does not apply toward biology major or any concentration. Offered Sem. II. 

BIO      404/504             Cr. 3
Plant Taxonomy
Collection, identification, classification, and evolution of the vascular plants with emphasis on local flora. Lect. 1, Lab. 4. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204. Offered Sem. II, alternate years. 

BIO      405/505             Cr. 2
Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants
Identification and collection of vascular plants of aquatic and marsh habitats with emphasis on adaptive morphology and ecology of local species. Field trips required. Lect. 1, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204. Offered Sem. I, even years. 

BIO      406/506             Cr. 4
Parasitology
A survey of the major groups of animal parasites with regard to their taxonomy, morphology, life histories, host-parasite relationships, and economic importance. Lect. 2, Lab 4. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 210 or 303. Offered Sem. I. 

BIO   408/508 Cr. 4
Developmental Biology
A study of primarily animal embryonic development including fertilization, cleavage, cell determination, gastrulation, organ-system development, pattern formation and cell differentiation. Genetic control of developmental processes using various vertebrate and invertebrate models will be integrated and emphasized. Lect. 2, Lab. 4. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 210 or 303; BIO 306 or MIC 416; BIO 315 recommended. Offered Sem. I. 

BIO   412/512 Cr. 4
Mycology
A survey of all the major groups of fungi of the fungal kingdom (and relatives) in terms of systematics, anatomy, morphology, ecology, physiology, genetics, evolutionary relationships, and human and plant pathology. Laboratory includes microscopic and macroscopic study of the fungi, as well as making a collection of cultures and of fungal reproductive structures (including mushrooms) from selected groups. Lect. 2, Lab 4. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204 or MIC 230. Both are strongly recommended. Offered Sem. I. 

BIO      413/513             Cr. 3
Medical Mycology
A study of the increasing number of medically important fungi, including the yeasts, molds, other fungi, and actinomycetes that are pathogenic to humans and other animals. Emphasis is on laboratory techniques for isolation and identification of pathogenic fungi. Lect. 2, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 412/512 or MIC 230. Offered Sem. II. 

BIO      414/514             Cr. 3
Freshwater Invertebrate Zoology
Introduces the ecology and taxonomy of the metazoan, non–parasitic freshwater invertebrates. An extensive course designed to provide a foundation for taxonomic knowledge, and basic understanding of the biology and ecology of freshwater invertebrates for advanced students in aquatic and environmental sciences. Lectures will focus on ecology; labs on taxonomy and quantitative skills. A student reference collection and field trips will be required. Lect. 2, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 210 or 341. Offered Sem. I. 

BIO      419/519             Cr. 3
Quantitative Methods in Ecology
An introduction to field and laboratory procedures used by ecologists to describe and analyze the interactions between organisms and their environments. The course will emphasize quantitative techniques, including the use of computer technology, for collecting, recording and interpreting ecological data. Lect. 2, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 307 or BIO 341. Offered  Sem. I. 

BIO      422/522             Cr. 3
Ichthyology
A study of the taxonomy, anatomy, physiology, and ecology of fish, with emphasis on the fresh water fishes. Lect. 2, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 210 or 303. Offered Sem. I, alternate years. 

BIO      424/524             Cr. 3
Endocrinology
A comprehensive study of the production, regulation, structure, molecular to whole body actions, metabolism, and excretion of biochemical signaling molecules. The classical and more recently recognized neurotransmitter and hormone pathways and clinical considerations of each will be explored using lecture, laboratory exercises, and case studies. Prerequisite: BIO 303 or 312 and 313. Offered Sem. 1.  

BIO      428/528             Cr. 3
Animal Metabolism, Nutrition and Disease
An in-depth coverage of animal digestion, absorption and metabolism (biochemical pathways) of key nutrients, including protein, lipids, carbohydrates and essential vitamins and minerals. There also will be substantial consideration of energy balance, nutrient partitioning, life span dietary recommendations for humans, food nutrient content and the role of nutrient metabolism in disease. Prerequisite: BIO 313. 

BIO      429/529             Cr. 3
Evolution
Consideration of the principles and the record of organic evolution of plants and animals. Prerequisite: BIO 306. Offered Sem. I. 

BIO      432/532             Cr. 2
Biology of Cancer
A survey of the current knowledge of cancer biology. The course will include lectures, readings and discussions on a wide range of cancer topics, including: characteristics of cancer cells, carcinogenesis, cancer genes, tumor classification, invasion, metastasis, impact of cancer on body functions, epidemiology, inheritance, immunology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Prerequisite: BIO 303 or 313, and BIO 306 or MIC 416. Offered Sem. II. 

BIO      433/533             Cr. 3
Radiation Biology
Applications and effects of nuclear radiation on biological systems. Lect. 2, Lab. 3. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105, one additional course in biology, and CHM 103. Offered  Sem. II. 

BIO      435/535             Cr. 3
Molecular Biology
A study of molecular biology with an emphasis on eukaryotic systems. The course will focus on the molecular aspects controlling biological processes.The impact of recombinant DNA technology on biotechnology and medicine will also be examined. Prerequisite: BIO 306 and 315, or MIC 416, and three semesters of college chemistry including organic chemistry. Biochemistry strongly recommended. BIO 436 is an optional laboratory which can be taken concurrently. Offered Sem. I. 

BIO      436/536             Cr. 1
Molecular Biology Laboratory
A study of molecular biology with an emphasis on eukaryotic systems. Laboratory emphasis is on recombinant DNA technology, current techniques used to express recombinant proteins in eukaryotic cells, computer based DNA analysis, macromolecular modeling using computers, and quantitative assay techniques. This lab is optional for those enrolled in BIO 435. Lab. 3. Prerequisite: BIO 435 must be taken concurrently. Offered Sem. I. 

BIO      437/537             Cr. 3
Plant Growth and Development
Discussion of experiments and analysis of research data obtained from the living plant. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204 or equivalent.  

BIO      439/539             Cr. 3
Plant Anatomy
A detailed examination of plant structure and development as revealed with the light and electron microscopes. Primarily seed plants will be examined. Structure and development will be studied as a means by which plants cope with their ecology, evolution and function. Lect. 2, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204 or an equivalent general botany course. Offered   Sem. II, alternate years. 

BIO/MIC 440/540     Cr. 2
Bioinformatics
In this course, students will use computers to study and compare the sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA, or the amino acids in a protein. Computers are also used to examine the three dimensional structure of protein.  Being able to manipulate and study this information is the basis for the current revolution in Biotechnology. Topics include evolution, taxonomy, genomics and understanding disease. This course provides students an opportunity to explore the relationships between biology, microbiology, chemistry and computer science. Prerequisite: BIO 306 or MIC 230 (BIO 435 or MIC 416 recommended). Lect. 2. Lab 1.  Half-semester course (2 weeks in J Term). Cross-listed with MIC 440/540; may only earn credit in MIC or BIO. Offered Sem. II and      J Term. 

BIO/MIC 442/542 Cr. 3
Plant Microbe Interactions
This course will explore in depth various ways that plants interact with microbes in the environment, at the macroscopic, cellular, and molecular levels. Case studies will include both parasitic and mutualistic (symbiotic) interactions. Microbes include fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and viruses. Includes plant pathology and studies of the beneficial relationships between plants and microbes. Inquiry based labs are integrated into the lecture and discussion sessions. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204, MIC 313, plus either BIO 306 or MIC 416. Lect. 2, Lab. 2. Offered Sem. II, even years. 

BIO      443/543             Cr. 3
Molecular Mechanism of Disease and Drug Action
A survey of the leading non-infectious and non-cancerous diseases in the industrialized world. This course will explore the molecular mechanisms of disease, clinical symptomology, and pharmacological treatment. Students will be expected to conduct thorough research on a given disease and present their results in a poster session. Prerequisite: BIO 306, 313 and CHM 300 or 304. Offered Sem. II. 

BIO      447/547             Cr. 3
Standard Methods and Quality Assurance of Water Analyses
This course will instruct students on the use of standard methods for analyses of selected biological, chemical, and physical constituents commonly included in water quality analyses. Quality assurance procedures, including Good Laboratory Practice Standards (GLPS) will be integrated into all activities. Materials covered include: principles of methods used; evaluation of precision, bias, and contamination; proper reporting and interpretation of results; and environmental sources and significance of constituents analyzed. Lect. 1, Lab. 4. Prerequisite: BIO 203 or 204 or 210 or 303, MIC 230, and three semesters of college chemistry. BIO 341 recommended. Offered Sem. II. 

BIO      448/548             Cr. 4
Aquatic Toxicology
A study of the lethal and sublethal effects of chemical contaminants in aquatic systems, specific chemical effects, chemical distribution and fate, and environmental legislation. Procedures for toxicity evaluation, experimental design and statistical analysis will be emphasized in the laboratory. Lect. 3, Lab. 2. Prerequisite: four semesters of college biology, and three semesters of college chemistry. BIO 341 recommended. Offered Sem. II, alternate years. 

BIO      449/549             Cr. 3
Microtechnique and Electron Microscopy
Principles and techniques of specimen preparation and microscopy. Students develop proficiency in light microscope, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope operation and learn how to prepare biological specimens for viewing and resulting photographs for presentation. Lect. 1, Lab. 4. Prerequisite: junior standing and BIO 315 or MIC 361. Offered Sem. I, alternate years. 

BIO      450 Cr. 1-3
Internship in Biology
An academically relevant field experience in government, industry, business, or community agencies. Students must have their internships approved and be advised by the department. Students must be on their internship worksite during the semester for which they are registered for academic credit. Credits earned will count only toward university electives and not toward the completion of any major or minor unless listed. Repeatable for credit — maximum 8. Pass/Fail grading. 

BIO      460/560             Cr. 1-3
Symposium in Biology
Studies in biology of interest to specific groups. Varying topics will be offered at intervals with a specific title assigned to each. May be staffed by resident faculty or visiting lecturers. Other departments may be invited to participate. Prerequisite: four semesters of biology. Repeatable for credit — maximum 6. Variable offerings — check registration schedules. 

BIO      463/563             Cr. 3
Aquatic Animal Health 
The study of pathogens of aquatic animals, including fish, shellfish, crustaceans, amphibians, waterfowl and mammals. Sections on nutrition and toxicology are included. Emphasis is on laboratory techniques for isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites. Field trips required. Lect. 2, Lab. 3. Prerequisite: BIO 103 or 105, 203 or 210 or 303, and CHM 103; MIC 230 strongly recommended. Offered Sem. II, alternate years. 

BIO      464/564             Cr. 3
Stream and Watershed Ecology
Introduces key concepts and theory pertinent to understanding and managing fluvial ecosystems (rivers and streams) and their watersheds. The course will emphasize rivers as large-scale physical and biological systems. Course work includes a comparative case study of distinctive types of temperate, tropical, and polar rivers. Prerequisite: BIO 341 or BIO 307. Offered  Sem. II. 

BIO      465/565             Cr. 3
Neurophysiology
An examination of the nervous system beginning at the cellular level and working up to neuronal systems. Topics covered include the ionic basis of membrane potentials, synaptic communication, organization of functional circuits of neurons, and systems within the brain and/or spinal cord which control learning and memory, vision and motor function. Exploration of these fundamental neurophysiology topics from the basis for understanding a variety of student-selected topics which will be covered later in the semester. Late-semester topics often include higher-order aspects of brain function or challenges to the nervous system, such as the repair of brain or spinal cord injury, degenerative disease states, dyslexia, or gender differences. BIO 467 is an optional laboratory course which can be taken concurrently.  Prerequisite: BIO 312. Offered Sem. II. 

BIO      466/566             Cr. 3
Human Genetics
A study of the basic principles of heredity in humans. Focus will be on modern molecular techniques used in isolating human disease genes and modes of inheritance of human traits and disorders. Ethical issues in human genetics will also be discussed. Prerequisite: BIO 306. Offered. Sem. I. 

BIO      467/567             Cr. 2
Neurobiology Laboratory Techniques
An introduction to common laboratory techniques in neurobiology, including electrophysiology with invertebrate preparations, mammalian neuronal cell culture, and computational modeling. Students will receive training in techniques while performing classical experiments, then design their own novel experiments and carry them out. Prerequisite: BIO 312; BIO 465 or concurrent enrollment. Offered Sem II. 

BIO      479 Cr. 1-2
Biology Laboratory Assistant
An opportunity to assist in the preparation and instruction of a biology laboratory. Students will be expected to assist in preparation of course materials, demonstrate proper techniques, and evaluate student performance. Lab. 2-6. Admission by instructor consent. Repeatable for credit — maximum 4. Pass/Fail grading.  

BIO      489  Cr. 1
Independent Study in Biology
A directed reading project or job shadowing experience within the discipline but outside that offered through regularly scheduled courses. Under the direction of the supervising faculty member (and in coordination with mentoring professional for job shadowing experience). A written report is an expected outcome. Admission by instructor consent and department approval. Repeatable for credit — maximum 2. 

BIO      490/590             Cr. 1-3
Current Topics in Biology Education
Biological researchers produce new discoveries almost daily. The purpose of this course is to train K-12 pre-service and in-service teachers in the current technologies and theories used in biology and to demonstrate the current approaches to teaching these materials. Repeatable for credit under different topics. Not applicable to a major or minor in biology, except for teacher certification major. Departmental option for Pass/Fail grading. 

BIO      491  Cr. 1
Capstone Seminar in Biology
A seminar-style course designed for students to review and discuss basic concepts necessary for a career in the biological sciences and to assess their major in biology. This course will cover basic concepts of resume and cover letter writing, quantitative skills, computer literacy and current topics in biology. Students are expected to actively participate in an assessment of their major, and participate in discussions on major issues and developments in the biological sciences. Students will present a seminar on a contemporary biological topic incorporating primary literature. Prerequisite: senior standing. 

BIO      492  Cr. 1
Honors Capstone Seminar in Biology
A seminar-style course designed for students to review and discuss basic concepts necessary for a career in the biological sciences and to assess their major in biology. This course will cover basic concepts of resume and cover letter writing, quantitative skills, computer literacy and current topics in biology. Students are expected to actively participate in an assessment of their major, and participate in discussions on major issues and developments in the biological sciences. Students will present a seminar on a contemporary biological topic incorporating primary literature. Prerequisite: senior standing. 

BIO      499 Cr. 1-3
Independent Research
Individual research projects. Open to advanced students. Prerequisite: four semesters of biology and the completion of a consent form signed by the project director. Students may enroll for 1-3 credits per semester for a maximum of 6 credits. A maximum of two credits can be applied to the major in biology.

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