1.
The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggle. M

2. The history of the present (ruler) is . . . a history of repeated injuries and usurpations. J

3. The ideas of religious liberty and freedom of conscience merely gave expression to the sway of free competition within the domain of knowledge. M

4. Whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it. J

5. The ruling ideas of each age have never been the ideas of its ruling class. M

6. Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes. J

7. A ruler whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be a ruler of a free people. J

8. Society as a whole is more and more splitting up into a great hostile camps. M

9. We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. J

10. In this sense the theory . . . may be summed up in the single sentence: abolition of private property. M

11. When a long train of abuses . . . evinces a design to reduce (the people) under absolute despotism, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. J

12. . . . openly declare that (our) ends can be attained only by the forcible overthrow of all existing conditions. M

13. . . . governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. J