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 Frog skeleton (anterior-dorsal view)

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The above image show a dorsal view of the anterior part of a leopard frog skeleton. The skeleton of the frog consists chiefly of bony and cartilaginous elements. The functions of a skeleton include providing support for the body, protection of delicate internal organs and attachment surfaces for muscles. In vertebrates, the axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, sternum (breast bone) and ribs (which are not present in amphibians).

 

The vertebral column of frogs is made up of 10 vertebrae, the first of which is called the atlas (7), which articulates with the base of the skull. The atlas is the only cervical vertebra in the frog. The next seven vertebrae are abdominal vertebrae, followed by the  sacral vertebra whose strong transverse processes form the sacrum (8) that join with the ileum (9). The last vertebra is a long and highly modified bone called the urostyle (10).

 

Note: Most vertebrates have a tail supported by caudal vertebrate, but frogs and toads are atypical in that they lack any tail and are therefore called anurans ("tail less amphibians").

 

Observe the fact that that the forelimbs of the frog consist of two stout bones - a proximal humerus (1) and a distal radioulna (2). The hand is composed of a  number of carpals (3), metacarpals (4) and distal elements called phalanges (5). 

 

The forelimbs are supported by a number of bones that make up the pectoral girdle.  These bones include the suprascapulas (6) and the scapulas, clavicles, coracoids and sternum, which are best seen in the ventral view of the frog on the next page. 

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