MIC 230 Fundamentals of Microbiology -001

Instructor: Bonnie Jo Bratina, 3029 Cowley Hall

Genetics

I.      Advantages/disadvantages to studying bacterial genetics

II.    Recent historical milestones of genetics/microbial genetics

A.      one gene, one enzyme

B.      DNA is genetic material

C.      Structure of DNA

D.      Central Dogma

E.      PCR and site-directed mutagenesis

III.  Concepts/Definitions

IV. DNA/RNA structure

V.   Differences in eukaryotic/prokaryotic central dogma

VI. DNA replication

VII.        Transcription

VIII.      Translation

IX. Regulation

Mutation and Use of Bacterial Mutants

I.            Bacterial Variation

      A.      Mutations

      B.      Gene exchange 

II.            Mutation

A.            Definitions

B.             Types of Mutations

1.    Point mutations

a.            Substitutions

b.            Insertions

c.            Deletions

2.    Large insertions and deletions

3.    Reversions

C.             Effects of Mutations

D.            Causes of Mutations

1.            Spontaneous

2.            Induced

    a.            Chemical

    b.            Radiation

    c.            Biological

            E.            Repair

                        1.            Editing/Proofreading

                        2.            Photoreactivation

                        3.            Mismatch repair

                        4.            SOS repair

III.            Use of mutants

Gene Exchange - Conjugation

I.     Definition

II.    Most gene exchange involves recombination

A.      Homologous (general) recombination

B.      Site-specific recombination

III.   3 types of gene exchange

A.      Conjugation

B.      Transduction

C.      Transformation

IV.  Conjugation

A.      Definition

B.      Plasmids

1.  definition

2.  ori site

3.  genes carried

4.  copy number

5.  3 types w/regard to conjugation

      a.  conjugative

      b.  non-conjugative

      c.  mobilizable

6.  host range

C.      Discovery

D.      Process

E.      Differences in gram positive cells

Virology

I. Discovery

II. General properties of viruses

III. Structure/chemical composition

A. Simplest structure – nucleic acid + capsid

B. Some are enveloped

C. Recognition/attachment via surface components

D. Shape

1.  Cubic symmetry

                        2.  Helical symmetry

                        3.  Amorphous (pleomorphic)

                        4.  Complex

                        4.  Genetic composition

IV. Viral classification

V. Viral replication – bacteriophage

A. Lytic cycle

B. Lysogenic or temperate cycle

VI. Importance

VII. Viroids and prions

Transduction and Transformation

I.            Transduction

A. Discovery

B. Two types

1.  Generalized

2.  Specialized

C. Processes for carrying out transduction

1. Generalized

                        2. Specialized

D. Applications

II.            Transformation

A.            Discovery

B.      Processes for carrying out transformation

C.      Artificial transformation

1.  Chemical

                        2.  Electroporation

D.      Applications

Control of Microorganism

I.  Control purpose

II.  Definitions

III. Death curve – decimal reduction time

IV. Factors affecting Death or inhibition

A. Time of exposure

B. Type of agent

D. Concentration (dose)

E. Initial number of organisms – target theory

F. Target organism

G. Environment

H. Synergism

V.           Mode of action

A.   Structures

B.   Processes

VI.   Physical control methods

A.  Temperature

1.     Cardinal temperatures

            2.    4 categories of organisms with respect to temperature optimum

            3.    Use of temperature to control microbes

                        a.   Heat

                                    i.   cooking

                                    ii.  pasteurization

                                    iii. canning

                                    iv. autoclaving

b.   Cold

i.   refrigerator

ii.  freezer

iii. ultracold

B.   Water availability

1.   dehydration

            2.  solutes to remove water

C.  Pressure

D.  Radiation

E.  Filtration

VII.  Chemical control methods

A.  Oxygen

B.   pH

C.   Disinfectants

D.   Food additives

E.   Antibiotics

 

Pathogenic Bacteriology

I.    History

II.   Definitions

III.  Virulence

            A. Infectivity

            B. Severity

IV.  Steps of Pathogenesis

A. Portal of entry

B. Colonization

C. Impaired host function due to toxins expressed or host response to colonization

V.   Virulence Factors

            A.  Attachment

            B.  Acquisition of nutrients from host

            C.  Inhibition of phagocytosis

            D.  Evasion of immune response

            E.  Inflict damage on host either indirectly or directly

                        1.  Indirect damage done by host’s own immune system

                        2.  Direct damage done by enzymes or toxins

                        3.  Two types of toxins

                                    a.  Exotoxins

                                    b. Endotoxins

VI.  Disease example:  Bubonic plague

A. Causative agent

B. Disease process – pathogen and host response

C. Treatment option

Immunology – Immune Response of Host

I.    Susceptibility

II.   Non-specific defenses

A. Skin

B. Hair follicles and sweat glands

C. Mucous membranes

D. Cilia

E. Flushing mechanisms

F. pH

G. Enzymes/chemicals

H. Normal flora

I. Phagocytic defenses

III.  Systems/organs that make up the immune system

            A. Blood and lymph system

                        1.  Red blood cells (RBC)

                        2.  White blood cells (WBC)

                                    a.  Myeloid line

                                    b.  Lymphoid line

                        3.  Fluid of blood

                                    a.  Plasma

                                    b.  Serum

                        4.  Lymph

            B. Spleen, thymus and bone marrow

IV.  Inflammation

V.   Specific defenses

            A.  Five main characteristics

                        1.  Not innate - acquired

                        2.  Very specific

                        3.  Diversity

                        4.  Memory

                        5.  Tolerance

            B.  2 branches - Humoral and Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

            C.  Overview of the response

            D.  Humoral

                        1. Antigens  

                        2. Antibodies

                                    a.  Structure

                                    b.  Classes

                        3.  Clonal Selection Theory

                        4.  Two stage Response

                                    a.  Primary response

                                    b. Secondary response

E.  Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

            1.  Purpose

            2.  Cells involved in the process

F.  Immunity

1.  Active vs. passive

2.  Natural vs. artificial